DNA from cultured human cancer cell lines were extracted using QIAGEN Dneasy Blood & Tissue Kit. Tumor and normal DNA samples from human were extracted from other collaborating centers For NGS using the HiSeq platform, the PCR products were first purified using the QIAquick Gel Purification Kit (Qiagen), followed by sequencing library preparation using Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation Kit (Illumina) according to standard single-end sequencing protocol provided and sequenced following the manufacturer's instructions for the HiSeq 2500 Rapid Run (Illumina) mode to obtain 126 nucleotide read lengths. For NGS using the MiSeq platform, the resulting PCR products were prepared in accordance to the 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation guide (15044223 B, Illumina) and were sequenced following the manufacturer's instructions for the MiSeq Reagent Kit v3 (Illumina) to obtain single-end 125 nucleotide read lengths. Bisulfite-Seq (Targeted)