For ATAC-seq, 50,000 cells were lysed to obtain nuclei in cold lysis buffer, and incubated in the Tn5 transposase reaction mix, as described previously (Buenrostro et al., 2013). For ChIP-seq, cells were cross-linked with 1% formaldehyde, and after lysis of cells, chromatin was fragmented by sonication. Protein-DNA complexes were purified with antibody. For ATAC-seq, DNA fragments were PCR-amplified using previously-designed barcoded primers, as described previously (Buenrostro et al., 2013).For ChIP-seq, libraries were constructed with ThruPLEX DNA-seq Kit (Takara Bio), according to manufacturer's instruction.